To investigate the anemia status of 11,123 children aged 1-6 years old in Rongxian, and to analyze the risk factors of the anemia of the children. Methods: 11,123 children aged 1-6 years old who received the outpatient health check-ups in Rongxian from March 2020 to December 2023 were selected as the research subjects. The hemoglobin concentration of the children was measured and the clinical data of the children were collected. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were conducted to screen the risk factors of the anemia of the children aged 1-6 years old. Results: The average hemoglobin level of 11,123 children was 120.3g/L, and the average hemoglobin level of 340 children with anemia was 92.5g/L, with the anemia prevalence rate of 3.1%. Among the children with anemia, there were 77.1% children with mild anemia, 22.7% children with moderate anemia and 0.3% children with severe anemia, respectively. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the age under 2 years old (with ≥2 years old as reference), the maternal education level of the senior high school and below (with the maternal education level higher than the senior high school as reference), the maternal anemia during pregnancy (with the maternal no anemia as reference), the monthly family income lower than 3,000 yuan (with ≥3,000 yuan as reference), the frequency of the eggs intake ≤ 3 times/week (with more than 3 times/week as reference) and the frequency of the meat intake ≤3 times/week (with more than 3 times/week as reference of the children aged 1-6 years old were the independent risk factors of their anemia occurrence (P<0.05). Conclusion: In this survey, the prevalence rate of the anemia of the children aged 1-6 years old was investigated. The less age, the low maternal education level, the maternal anemia during pregnancy, the low monthly family income, and the frequencies of eggs and meat intake ≤ 3 times/week of the children aged 1-6 years old are the independent risk factors of their anemia occurrence, and which should be used to lay down the targeted intervention measures by the local government to reduce the anemia occurrence of the children.