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Abstract Intravascular leiomyoma （IVL）is a rare and special type of uterine of leiomyoma. The growth of IVL is not limited to the myometrium and uterine veins, and it can extend to the heart and even to the pulmonary arteries through a variety of ways, such as the internal iliac vein and other ways. Thus the corresponding clinical manifestations can seriously threat the health of the patients, or even threat their lives. Compared with those of other types of uterine fibroids, IVL has a variety of clinical manifestations with high rate of misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis, so it requires a lot of imaging examinations for diagnosis. Under the pathological examination microscope, the proliferation of blood vessels around the tumor tissue without atypical cells and coagulative necrosis can be seen. Immunohistochemical performance is positive for desmin, antiwave protein, estrogen, and progesterone receptors, which can be used to guide disease diagnosis and adjuvant treatment. Most of the patients with IVL require surgical treatment, but the postoperative recurrence rate is high, so appropriate drugassisted treatment for them is required. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists can be assisted after surgery, and macrolide immunosuppressants also have certain therapeutic effect. IVL has diversity of chromosomal and genetic changes, and the study on its genes can further provide targeted therapy and postoperative recurrence prevention. This article mainly reviews the latest research on IVL.
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