-
Liu Xiaozhang, Yue Huanxun
Objective: Globally, 62.7 percent of women aged 15-29, married or in a union, were practicing contraception in 2010. The great majority (79.1%) were relying on a female orientated method. Of these, female sterilization was the most common one (31.7%) . The prevalence of male methods (vasectomy, condom and withdrawal) was high in 39 countries or regions, raging from about 21.9% to 64.7%. The prevalence of male method was 3 times higher in more developed regions than in less developed regions. Compared with the world contraceptive use in 1998, the overall prevalence of withdrawal and condom has increased. The overall vasectomy prevalence has declined but increased in those who used to have the highest rates of vasectomy, including UK, Korean, Australia, Canada and New Zealand. China has the highest contraceptive prevalence (89%) in the world. The overall prevalence of male method was 12.3%. Condom prevalence increased from 3.8% in 2000 to 7.5% in 2009 and vasectomy prevalence decreased from 8% to 4.9%, and the average annual increase of overall male method use was 0.4%. Unmet family planning need is estimated to be 2.3% in China. Men should be encouraged and promoted to take more responsibility in contraception, from the perspective of gender equity and equality, and also male methods are even safer, simpler and less expensive. Male participation in family planning is one of the indicators of socio-economic development and human development, and important for improving women's health and achieving the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, which deserves great concern and attention by all sectors of the community.
2012 Vol. 20 (4): 228- [Abstract]（
67
）
HTML
(1 KB)
PDF
(0 KB)
(
4
)
-
He Yaqin, Zheng Yuhua, Wang Xiaocheng, Mei Zhiqiang
Objective: To explore risk factors related to perinatal birth defects in order to provide evidence for birth defects prevention. Methods: Twelve papers were analyzed by a meta-analysis method. The cumulative cases and controls were 3 771 and 31 549, respectively. Results: The pooled odds ratio (OR) values of single-factor-analysis were as follows: family genetic history (5.11), abnormal child-bearing history (2.94), consanguineous marriage (7.69), the number of pregnancy (4.67), parity (1.77), gestational age (0.71), domestic contamination (2.22), exposure to harmful substances (4.37), catching a cold during pregnancy (2.18), fever during pregnancy (10.25), drug use (2.98), pet contacting during pregnancy (3.12), paternal smoking (2.32) and drinking(1.90), dietary intake of fresh vegetables(0.59) and fruits (0.67). The pooled odds ratio (OR) values of multiple-factor analysis were as follows: family genetic history (2.61), abnormal child-bearing history (2.87), drug use (5.11), exposure to harmful substances (4.76), paternal smoking (1.53). Conclusion: The risk factors of birth defects are family genetic history and abnormal child-bearing history, consanguineous marriage, the number of pregnancy, parity, and domestic contamination, exposure to harmful substances, catching a cold and fever during pregnancy, drug use, pet contacting during pregnancy, and paternal smoking and drinking. The protective factors are the gestational age and dietary intake of fresh vegetables and fruits.
2012 Vol. 20 (4): 233- [Abstract]（
55
）
HTML
(1 KB)
PDF
(0 KB)
(
2
)
-
Zheng Yuhua, Liu Yu, He Yaqin, Mei Zhiqiang
Objective: To explore the status of utilization and demand of preconception and prenatal care services among childbearing women in rural Shanxi. Methods: A total of 1 978 women were recruited by a random cluster sampling and surveyed with a self-made questionnaire. Results: A total of 1 865 questionnaires were validated. The awareness rate of prenatal care knowledge was over 70%. Although 92.5% of the respondents insisted that it was necessary to have medical examination before pregnancy, in fact, only 39.7% did it. About 91.6% of the respondents had prenatal examination, of which 45.7% had ultrasound examination for more than 3 times. Most people wished to get more preconception and prenatal care services. Conclusion: The awareness rate of preconception and prenatal care knowledge is high among childbearing women in rural Shanxi, while the utilization rate of services is low, and there is a strong need for it.
2012 Vol. 20 (4): 237- [Abstract]（
62
）
HTML
(1 KB)
PDF
(0 KB)
(
3
)
-
Kui Farui, Ma Yuping, Zhang Yinxia, Zhao Gaoqin
Objective: To explore status, awareness and needs of reproductive health in ethnic minority colleges students and provide scientific basis for reproductive health education in the college. Methods: A stratified random sampling method was used to recruit 870 minority nationality college students in the Northwest Minority University. An anonymous questionnaire survey was conducted. Results: The college students were lack of reproductive health knowledge, such as ovulatory period, AIDS transmission and contraception. The awareness rate was higher in male and those living in urban. Most students had more open sexual attitudes. About 24.9% of the students approved of premarital sex; 33.0% accepted sexual behavior in the college; 21.1% approved of premarital marriage; 27.3% wanted to have sexual experience in the college. As for the sex behavior, 44.8% of the students had kissing-experience; 23.2% had the experience of sex caresses; 20% had sex behavior; and 29.2% had the experience of masturbation. College students from different birthplaces and of different genders had different sexual attitudes and behaviors. Conclusion: It is necessary to improve the students' reproductive health knowledge and equip them with scientific and healthy behaviors.
2012 Vol. 20 (4): 240- [Abstract]（
50
）
HTML
(1 KB)
PDF
(0 KB)
(
3
)
-
Gao Zhangquan,Tian Huiyan, Zhang Yixin, Zhang Ning, Li Guozheng, Liu Xiaoqun
Objective: To explore the status and high risk factors of congenital heart disease of children in Hebei province, and so as to reduce the incidence rate by effective intervention measures. Methods:The data of congenital heart disease among children aged 0 to 6 in Hebei province from January 2003 to December 2008 were analyzed. Results: A total of 4 611 808 children were investigated, in which 5 713 children with congenital heart disease, and the incidence rate was 12.39/10 000.The incidence rate of congenital heart disease in 2006 and 2007 (13.29/10 000,14.07/10 000) was higher than the average incidonce tate of 2003 to 2008(P<0.05). Lower incidence rates were found in Qinhuangdao, Shijiazhuang, Langfang and Xingtai, while higher incidence rates were found in Handan, Zhangjiakou, Tangshan and Chengde when compared with the average incidence rate (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between different genders (χ=3.49, P>0.05) , but significant difference between birth orders was found (χ=44.164, P<0.05). A total of 963 and 4 750 children with congenital heart disease were found in the city/town and countryside, and 4 062 and 1 651 in the plain and mountain areas, respectively. Conclusion: The incidence rates of congenital heart disease among children aged 0 to 6 in Hebei Province are inconsistent in different areas and birth orders. Environmental factor and genetic factor are the main risk factors. It is suggested that the incidence rate of congenital heart disease could be reduced by promoting primary prevention of birth defects.
2012 Vol. 20 (4): 244- [Abstract]（
53
）
HTML
(1 KB)
PDF
(0 KB)
(
4
)
-
Gai Ling, Li Juan, Mu Dongyan, Jiang Hui, Li Li, Wang Xiaoqing, Ren Zhengda, Yu Xiaojie
Objective: To compare adolescents' bone mineral density (BMD) between users of Marvelon (desogestrel/ethinylestradiol) and control women. Methods: A total of 150 women aged between 16 and 18 years usd Marvelon for 24 months (the study group) and 150 women aged between 16 and 18 years using nonhormonal contraception were as the control. BMD at both lumbar spine and femoral neck sites were evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results: After 24 months of Marvelon oral administration, as compared to baseline, the mean BMD in lumbar spine and femoral neck were decreased by 0.29% and 0.61%, respectively. While in the control group, the mean BMD at both sites were increased by 1.88% and 0.98%, respectively. There were no significant differences in BMD at both lumbar spine and femoral neck sites between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Two years of Marvelon use had no significant effect on bone density in adolescents.
2012 Vol. 20 (4): 247- [Abstract]（
60
）
HTML
(1 KB)
PDF
(0 KB)
(
2
)
-
Lin Wenlong
Objective: To explore the correlation and clinical significance of plasma interleukin 6 (IL-6) level with serum reproductive hormones (testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, prolactin) and sperm concentration. Methods: Sperm concentration, plasma IL-6 and serum reproductive hormones levels were measured in 68 infertile man (the study group) and 40 fertile man (the control group). Results: Compared with the control group, serum testosterone concentration was significantly lower, while the level of plasma IL-6 was significantly higher in the study group (P<0.01). Plasma IL-6 level had a negative correlation with serum testosterone concentration and a positive correlation with follicle-stimulating hormone concentration (P<0.05). Compared with infertile men with normal sperm concentration, infertile men with oligozoospermia had lower IL-6 level and higher testosterone concentration (P<0.01). Conclusion: Plasma IL-6 level is closely related with male reproduction, which may be of great value in exploring the pathogenesis of male infertility and prognostic.
2012 Vol. 20 (4): 250- [Abstract]（
56
）
HTML
(1 KB)
PDF
(0 KB)
(
5
)
-
Geng Linlin ,Wang Ning, Wang Youqv,Cao Yang,Huang Jun
Objective: To investigate the relationship between the sonographic appearance of the endometrium, the endometrial thickness and pregnancy outcome. Methods: A total of 520 women who underwent artificial insemination of donor for assisted reproductive treatment cycles in reproductiven center of National Research Institute for Family Planning were recruited. And the endometrial thickness and sonographic appearance of the endometrium were detected on the day of hCG administration and the window of implantation (7 days after ovulation) by transvaginal ultrasound. Women were divided into seven groups and six groups according to the thickness of endometria on the day of hCG administration and the window of implantation, respectively. The outcome of pregnancy was evaluated. Results: The clinical pregnancy rate in group A (28.95%) was significantly higher than that of group C (9.09%, P<0.05). The endometrial thickness on the day of hCG administration and the window of implantation in group B and group C were significantly greater than that of group A (P all <0.05). There was no significant difference in the endometrial thickness between pregnant women and non-pregnant ones on the day of hCG administration (P>0.05). The endometrial thickness on the window of implantation in pregnant women was significantly less than that of non-pregnant ones (P<0.05). The highest pregnancy rate was found in those with 10mm to less than 12mm of the endometrial thickness on the day of hCG administration, and no pregnancy occurred when the endometrial thickness was less than 7mm or not less than 15mm. In addition, the highest pregnancy rate was found in those with 9mm to less than 13mm of the endometrial thickness on the window of implantation, and no pregnancy occurred when the endometrial thickness was less than 8mm or not less than 17mm. Conclusion: It is important of the endometrial appearance and the endometrial thickness evaluated by transvaginal sonographic in the assessment of endometrial receptivity, which could predict the clinical outcome of pregnancy and provide a reliable basis for adjustment of endometrial receptivity in assisted reproductive treatment.
2012 Vol. 20 (4): 253- [Abstract]（
60
）
HTML
(1 KB)
PDF
(0 KB)
(
3
)
-
Song Ge, Wang Qiling, Liu Xingzhang, Tang Yunge
Objective: To explore the relationship between chromosomal abnormality and male infertility. Methods: A total of 2 406 infertile man recruited between Mar. 2008 and Mar. 2010 were divided into four groups according to WHO diagnostic criteria of semen analysis and their blood samples were collected for karyotype analysis and analysis of a microdeletion in the AZF gene region. Results: A total of 1 992 patients suffered with non-obstructive azoospermia, 216 with occult azoospermia, 76 with severe oligozoospermia, and 122 with oligozoospermia. And the rates of abnormal chromosome was 26.46%, 36.57%, 27.63% and 18.85% respectively in the four groups. Among them, abnormal rates of autosome were 4.17%, 20.83%, 18.42%, 18.85%, and those of sex chromosomes were 22.29%, 15.74%, 9.21% and 1.64%, respectively. Of all the patients, the karyotype analysis found 15.56% with Klinefelter syndrome in the group of non-obstructive azoospermia. While a higher rates of microdeletion of AZF and Y chromosomal deletion were found in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia (4.82%), occult azoospermia (12.5%) and severe oligozoospermia (9.21%). Conclusion: The rates of chromosomal abnormalities and microdeletion of AZF gene in infertile man are higher than those of normal man. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out regular genetic screen for these patients, especially for patients with occult azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia who plan to prepare for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).
2012 Vol. 20 (4): 257- [Abstract]（
57
）
HTML
(1 KB)
PDF
(0 KB)
(
3
)
-
Zhang Li, Liu Xiaoqun, Shi Bin
2012 Vol. 20 (4): 277- [Abstract]（
55
）
HTML
(1 KB)
PDF
(0 KB)
(
4
)
-
Tian Ming, Han Lihui
2012 Vol. 20 (4): 280- [Abstract]（
55
）
HTML
(1 KB)
PDF
(0 KB)
(
2
)
