To explore the correlation between the disease uncertainty of couples with in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) and their fertility stress and mental toughness. Methods: 80 couples with IVF-ET were selected in this study from January 2023 to December 2023. These couples were investigated by the general information questionnaire. Mishel uncertainty in illness scale (MUIS), fertility pressure inventory (FPI) and the Chinese version of conner Davidson-resilience scale (CD-RISC) were used to investigation and evaluation. The scores of each dimension of these scales were compared between wife and husband. The differences of the total scores of MUIS, FPI and CD-RISC of the couples with different assisted pregnancy cycles of IVF-ET were analyzed. Pearson correlation was used to analyze the correlation among the total scores of these scales. Results: A total of 160 questionnaires of 80 couples with IVF-ET were issued and 152 valid questionnaires from 76 couples were recovered, with an effective rate of 95.0%. The total score of MUIS of the wives (95.91±12.28 points) had no significantly different from that  (95.67±11.89 points) of their husbands, and there was no significant difference in the MUIS score among the couple with different assisted pregnancy cycles and among the couple with different assisted pregnancy results (all P>0.05). The total scores of FPI and CD-RISC of the wives (151.24±30.18 points and 61.38±10.76 points) were significantly different from those (138.10±31.37 points and 66.54±11.00 points) of their husbands (P<0.05). The FPI score of the wives with 1 cycle of assisted pregnancy was significantly lower than that of the wives with ≥3 cycles of assisted pregnancy, and the CDRISC score of the wives with 1 cycle or 2 cycle of assisted pregnancy was significantly higher than that of the wives with ≥3 cycles of assisted pregnancy (all P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the MUIS score among the wives with different assisted reproductive cycles, and there were no significant differences in the MUIS and FIP scores of the wives with different assisted reproductive outcomes. There were no significant differences in the total scores of MUIS and FIP among the husbands with different assisted reproductive cycles and outcomes (all P>0.05). The total MUIS FPI score of the wives was positively correlated with the total MUIS score of the husbands and the total score of the wife/husband, and was negatively correlated with the total CD-RISC score of the wife/husband. The total MUIS score of the husbands was positively correlated with the total FPI score of the wife/husband, and was negatively correlated with the total CD-RISC score of the wife/husband (all P<0.05). Conclusion: The situations of uncertainty in illness and fertility stress of the couples with IVF-ET in this survey are in the medium levels, and the psychological resilience of the couples is in the general level. The fertility stress and psychological resilience of the wives are worse than their husbands. The disease uncertainty of the couples was related to their fertility stress and psychological resilience.